Family Separation At The US Mexico Border - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3393 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Family Essay Did you like this example? Since the year 2000, the number of immigrants attempting to illegally cross the border has increased greatly. So far our presidential administrations have been fighting to reduce the amount of illegal immigrants that are in our country, but as we switch constantly back and forth between Democrats and Republicans, or the left and right and some people refer to it, the ability to set forth a strict plan to stop illegal crossings and create permanent systems through laws has become quite difficult. With no new systems being put in place to accommodate how many people are trying to enter the US, border patrol agents have resorted to separating children from their parents at the border and are processing them separately to try and make processing occur more quickly. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Family Separation At The US Mexico Border" essay for you Create order Families being separated results in children being accepted into the country while parents get sent back to their home country, children coming across the border on a green card with their parents as infants or toddlers only to be sent back to their home country which they know nothing about due to never becoming full US citizens by age 18, as well as children going missing with no proper records being kept as to where they’re sent while their parents are being processed and let into the country or sent back. This issue has been on the rise since early 2000’s with a spike beginning in 2010. Policies need to be updated and new systems put in place to stop the effects from becoming worse. However, before any solutions can be possibly considered, we need to think about our country’s history and how our border control came to be what it is today. Since 1904 government watchmen have been posted at the border to stop anybody trying to come across the border, but it wasn’t until 20 years later that they decided to start assisting those attempting to come into the US illegally and get them on the path to become residents and/or citizens. Our US Border Patrol is a government formed group that began in the year 1924 as a way of preventing illegal border crossings while also using humanitarian tactics to provide help for those wishing to come into the country. The government quickly realized too many people were able to cross the border illegally due to agents not being allowed to leave the immigration inspection stations to go patrol the border and apprehend those who were crossing. As a result, the government assigned military troops to wander along certain sections of the border and send those who got caught crossing to the inspection stations to be detained, processed, and either accepted into the country or sent back to their home land south of the border (BP History). Since this very early time of the government implementing military into our border control’s system, the policies that exist to keep our border in line have slowly expanded over time. The expansion of our country’s policies includes better training for border patrol agents that allow them to go out into the field and the country to put military personnel on assignments regarding the country’s more pressing manners, the allowance of all vehicles and personal baggage to be searched at the border when coming across to make sure nobody was being smuggled illegally across the border by someone who was already allowed into the country, as well as detain and hold people at the border for extensive amounts of time without even beginning the processing and search procedures which are typically conducted and determine if somebody may enter the US. Border patrol agents have stated that it’s a constant battle between being humanitarian to help those coming across the border and being defensive to protect our country and its citizens from any danger that could be trying to make its way over the border (Business Insider). One of these dangers that our agent s must focus on a lot is drugs and the gang violence that comes with these drugs. Over the years through drugs becoming more desired from these poorer countries, the amount of gangs working for these drug smuggling groups has increased as well south of the US border. This increase has caused gang violence levels to spike in places like El Salvador and Ecuador, leading to women and children to fear for their lives and seek asylum in the US to protect their families from any death threats or other threats that may put them at risk. This topic has recently been brought into the spotlight more than it has in the past with other presidents due to the entrance of the Trump Administration in the white house. Since Donald Trump’s election victory back in 2016 he’s focused on many things both within our country and outside of it. Perhaps one of the biggest situations that he’s been handling here in 2018 is illegal immigrants coming across the US/Mexico border into our country. First and foremost, immigrants crossing the border unknowingly is dangerous and a cause for concern because if we don’t know who’s coming across the border than we have no way of knowing if their intent is to harm the country and its people or not. In an attempt to stop this issue, or at least reduce it, President Trump created a â€Å"zero tolerance policy† which is designed to increase prosecution charges on those caught crossing the border illegally (Human Rights Watch). In addition to this for prosecutions to occur and for those caught to be processed, agents have been ordered to separate the parents/families from the children travelling with them. When Trump put this order into place, there was a huge outcry from the people who thought the policy was completely wrong because of the way it tore families apart. A few months later in July 2018, Trump signed an executive order stating that all children and families are to be reunited immediately and that no more families are to be separated at the border. Despite this executive order being signed by the President himself, families are still being separated at the border with upwards of 3,000 children not being with their families currently. In a special CNN Breaking News Report on June 18, 2018, Trump falsely accused democrats as being the reason families were getting separated and the border while openly admitting that despite not thinking families should be separated at the US/Mexico border, he belie ves the zero tolerance policy in its entirety is the correct solution to the issue and will allow separations to continue. These separations have caused a ton of issues, including the three that are being looked at today. Children can’t be found anymore once it’s time to be reunited with their parents. Yes, you read that right. After the parents have finished being processed and are either accepted into or denied access to the US, it’s time to be reunited with their children. However during the separation process of families, proper records aren’t being kept of where the children are being placed during the time of holding. This makes it extremely difficult to track them down and reunite them with their parents. Often times the children get placed into the foster care system or sent to live with family that’s already in the US, but with no records kept if their parents are sent back to their home country, they may never get to see their children again due to improper and insufficient record books. For some of the children placed in the foster care system immediately, they can get deported later on in their life back to their home country if they never become full cit izens or permanent residents of the United States. This creates a whole other problem entirely because most kids come across the border at such a young age that they know nothing about their home country, nor do they have any way of connecting with any family they might have down south in order to not be homeless the second they get deported and kicked out of the US. For those being deported, the US government is responsible for helping them get back to their home country in regards to transportation. However having this transportation is never immediate. Those deported get placed in immigration holding cells for days, weeks, and sometimes even months or years. Several of the deportees were interviewed by the Associated Press while they were in holding and a few different inmates during the interview about how an officer had told them, â€Å"this is what you come here for: to suffer†(Kanstroom 8). These officers are making it very clear to those being deported that they are lesser, shouldn’t be cared for, and don’t deserve to be treated as human beings. These places of holding, with these horrible officers only gives a glimpse of what it will be like for the deportees once they get sent back to their home countries. Once deported, the US government doesn’t help those involuntarily leaving the country find a job or place to stay once they’re back in their home country. Not only does this put those leaving into extreme poverty and make it extremely difficult for them physically when they have no clue where they are, where to go, and in some cases don’t even speak the language; but as you can hopefully imagine it has a large impact on their mental health too and can severely harm them psychologically. What is happening through deportation of those kids who never became full citizens, whether they had the chance or not growing up, has slowly become a daily occurrence for the US government. For a 3 year old it’s traumatic enough being separated at the border from their parents. As humans, we are nurtured by our parents from day one and it is partially through that nurture that we learn how to deal with things in the real world, even just the little things like how to use a spoon. One example of this was not a deportation back to Mexico or South America, but still had the same effect as it has on those deported from the US to that continent and its countries. A 26-year old man raised in the United States was found guilty for possession of cocaine. His punishment wasn’t jail time or a fine, his punishment was deportation. He came to the United States as a very young child and has only ever spoken English and lived as an American. However the government only saw that he c ame from Haiti and decided to send him back there where he, â€Å"found himself living in a tent† amongst thousands of other Haitians in extreme poverty. In an interview he stated that he, â€Å"wouldn’t wish Haiti on my worst enemy†¦ I’m used to being treated like a human being, but a human life has absolutely zero worth in Haiti† (Kanstroom, 8). This young man, got sent back to a country that he didn’t know anything about when he could’ve gotten jail time instead. In his eyes, he was a citizen, everything he had known his whole life was an American life within the United States. In an instant, all because he got mixed up with the wrong crowd, his life did a 180 and he was left with nothing but a sad life and a permanent banishment from the US. This is just one example that shows the big physical effect that deportation through illegal youth border crossing can have on a person. To the government, as an adult you should know about your home country and it’s okay to be sent back there if they see fit. But to those adults who came into the country as infants or young children and never knew they hadn’t gained full citizenship growing up, you’re mentally left very vulnerable and placed in a state of panic and fear since you have no clue where you’re being sent to or what you’re su pposed to do when you get there. After a child is deported, it might leave the parents regretting their decision to come to the US in the first place, they very well may feel a lot of guilt and as though they’re responsible for their child being deported. But, why did they come to the US in the first place? Looking at the facts parents are responsible for helping their children gain citizenship and can play a major role in being guilty of getting their own children deported as adults. However, we have to wonder, is the government partially responsible for those children not becoming full citizens as well by not always providing all the information parents need to start their children on the path of citizenship? I say this because from interviews and firsthand accounts, all these parents know how dangerous their home countries are and show that they’ll do anything to give their child a chance in the US, whether they get in or not. One mother from El Salvador stated that, â€Å"[The] laws say that a person who crosses [the border] is a criminal. It’s more criminal to let your children starve to death. If I have to lose my life, at least I wanted to try rather than let my children die of hunger† (Kanstroom 8). This mother is one of many who voice their desperation for getting their family across the border. They know that their home country is in extreme poverty and full of gang violence everywhere you look. Many families become so desperate for food they often sell their children to the sex trade both knowingly and unknowingly, as well as into the drug cartels. Other families might not pay a certain bill for a few months because they can’t afford it; in response they get death threats in the mail for both them and their children. This fear of starving to death and/or being killed is what drives these families to take the long and often dangerous journey north to the US border in hopes of gaining asylum or citizenship. One of the most common dangers that these immigrants are faced with on their journey to the border is dehydration due to the high heat and humidity levels that last all day. The dehydration causes the children, as well as the adults to vomit, faint, and experience extreme forms of heat exhaustion. This dehydration has become a huge concern for the first responders of the communities immigrants are passing through. Ambulances fill up their trucks with large amounts of water bottles early in the morning, and pull over on the side of a road to start handing them out to people and try their best to keep everybody hydrated on their long journey. According to several news reports, people in large groups will jump onto the back of moving semi-trucks until you can barely see the metal edges above the wheels. This poses a huge threat as you can probably imagine. One incident that occurred was a middle-aged man fell off of one of the trucks and it is believed that he may have fallen under the truck, followed by being run over and killed (CBS News). CBS interviewed several at the accident sight asking if this death changed their mind about going on the journey and how they feel about what took place. One women reported that before even going on the journey they knew the risks and the dangers so this man’s death didn’t change her mind about going on this journey. In addition to that she stated how, everybody on the journey begins to feel a bond and as though they’re a family and so they felt for the man whose life was lost on the journey but will continue on fighting in order to get as many of them as they can across the border and to a better place. All of these deaths and injuries that occur along the immigrants’ journey whether it’s of someone they barely knew or their own family member, it creates a conflicting issue for them mentally. They feel sad, depressed, and hurt when someone dies as we all do when someone we know has passed. But unlike most deaths of natural cause, it can be much harder for those on the journey since they have to watch the tragic death of those being run over by vehicles, hearing their screams and bones be crushed, until all you hear is traffic again. Some people may even compare it to being in war. You can’t unsee someone dying, you can’t not remember what it sounded like when it occurred. When you watch someone die, it changes you psychologically and you’ll never be the same person you were again. But at the same time, many of the immigrants have already traveled thousands of miles from where they began, and knew the risks before they even started on the journey. B ecause of these two factors and the issues that face them back in their home countries they know they can’t let those deaths stop them and that they must continue on and try to reach the border where they may seek help from the US and try to become citizens and give their families a better life. So what do all of these causes and effects mean and what’s the point of this whole paper? As we’ve seen throughout this paper, one the way to the border, my don’t make it. Whether they get injured, killed or simply decide to turn back, out of the millions crossing, thousands don’t make it. As for those who do make it many don’t get in. In addition to this, while they’re being processed and waiting to find out if they can get in, they’re separated from their children without it being required. This leads to improper keeping of records and many not being reunited with their families ever again. For those who do get accepted into the country, they often get deported years later, especially those who came across as young children because they never knew they had to become full citizens or they were never given the chance to be citizens. With deportation comes struggle and physical suffering once they’re sent back to their home country as well as from the officers while in holding. Finally from all of this, there’s a larg e psychological effect that all the different aspects of the journey have on each person that takes it. They witness death, they struggle, pass out, and get treated as though they aren’t human beings al because of the way they decided to come into the US and cross the border. All these things make them think and view the world differently than they used to and changes them in a bad way mentally. Sadly right now there are no solutions that can help the situation with the USA’s current presidential administration. But to all those who have read this paper, whether you know someone who’s come across the border on a similar journey, been deported for being placed under similar circumstances, or if you were born and raised in America, I want you to think about this for more than a second. If you are an immigrant I want you to know that there are Americans who do support and want to help you, even if we can’t right now. And to those who are Americans, think about this issue, think about what these people are having to go through and how they’re being treated. They are all humans and deserve to be treated as such. Show your support through your votes, that put people in a position to decide what happens to those coming into our countr y. It’s not a proper solution, but it’s all that can be offered right now and is a good starting point because it’s our votes that begin the decision making process and decide how we take care of immigrants and who we end up allowing into our country or who we send back to where they originally came from.

A Perceptual Study of the Effects of Hot Spot Policing Essay

Review of Literature The purpose of this literature review is to provide an in-depth analysis of hot spot policing and review the main aspects of this policing strategy. This review will examine five experimental studies that have shaped hot spot policing as a viable and effective policing methodology. It will also examine the current status of hot spot policing, its benefits, and its limitations. Police random preventive patrol by a mobile police force was the hallmark of the Reform Era of policing. Police officers were expected to remain in their â€Å"rolling fortresses,† going from one call to the next with all due haste (Manning, 1971). Officers were evaluated based on outputs, such as miles driven, calls handled, tickets issued and†¦show more content†¦The study divided fifteen Kansas City patrol beats into three categories. In five beats, labeled â€Å"reactive beats,† officers only responded to calls for service. Random preventive patrol was maintained in five beats and in five â€Å"proactive beats† patrol was increased two to three times the normal level. The researchers found that preventive patrol had no measureable effect on crime or citizen feelings of security (Braga Weisburd, 2010). Though the Kansas City Preventive Patrol study revealed random preventive patrol was ineffective, the study did not examine why. The development of hot spot policing as a policing methodology emerged from the â€Å"why† question of the Kansas City Preventive Patrol study. Simply defined, hot spots policing is the application of police interventions at very small geographic units of analysis (Braga Weisburd, 2010). Hot Spot Policing emerged from studies conducted by police criminologists Lawrence Sherman and Davis Weisburd in the late 1980’s. This policing methodology evolved out of a problem oriented policing study of crime addresses in Minneapolis, Minnesota known as the Minneapolis Repeat Call Address Policing (RECAP) project. The study conducted by Sherman from 1985-1986 revealed â€Å"50 percent of the crime in Minneapolis occurred at just 3.5 percent of the street addresses (Sherman 1987)†. Police departments have long recognized that certain neighborhoods or beats experience significantly higherShow MoreRelatedLaw Enforcement Should Prioritize Their Resources By Focusing On The Most Serious Crime Essay2154 Words   |  9 Pages According to McGarrell et al. (2001), earlier studies suggested that directed police attention to high crime areas or to specific crime types can lead to crime reductions. Studies such as this has supported the concept that the most serious crime should be first priority, however the most serious crimes are what tend to use up a lot of the resources that law enforcement officers use. Wells (2012) focused on the impacts of firearms crime. The study indicated that police can affect serious crimesRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 PagesAnalytic skills Difficulty: Easy 28) During Jills market research study, many customers indicated that traditional oven mitts made it very difficult to hold baking dishes, resulting in frequent spills. Jill brought her findings to the research department, and her company leveraged its engineering and design competencies to develop a new hand-held hot-pad that allows for significantly greater dexterity in handling hot cooking implements, while protecting the cook from burns. This is an exampleRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesof human resources means that they must be recruited, compensated, trained, and developed. † HR Management Challenges The environment faced by HR management is a challenging one; changes are occurring rapidly across a wide range of issues. A study by the Hudson Institute, entitled Workforce 2020, has highlighted some of the most important workforce issues.3 From that and other sources, it appears that the most prevalent challenges facing HR management are as follows: ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  Economic and

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation. Answer: Introduction Quality management is a critical requirement across all healthcare organizations. Building patient centric quality management is considered of utmost importance. Several tools and standards are imposed by healthcare managers to achieve quality management. The primary role of pharmacy professionals and healthcare managers is to provide high quality healthcare, while ensuring that the patient is taken care of (Lee et al., 2012). The managers are responsible for ensuring that the regulations and processes are being adhered to. They keep a check on adaptation of the standards and instill the processes into the healthcare setting, with the aim of assuring patient safety and satisfaction. The job of a healthcare manager is undoubtedly demanding and difficult (Batalden et al., 2015). The topic is essential in IT industry owing to the fact that healthcare management is one of the fastest growing industries. The need for comprehensive healthcare practices is ever-increasing due to population explosion and development in science. Thus, the practices involved in healthcare management need to be continuously improved to satisfy the ever-increasing market. With rise in health expenses and increase in competition, managers must be prepared to effectively lead the hospital settings. Managers combine a sound understanding of healthcare system with business expertise and work toward increasing effectiveness and efficiency. Rapid reforms and innovation have made delivery of quality care central to hospital management (Kirkpatrick et al., 2013). This can be accounted for the fact that the federal government and the patients expect delivery of results by skilled management professionals. However, the managers need to overcome several challenges to improve patient care and maintain fiscal responsibility.This report will therefore illustrate on the different challenges faced by pharmacy professionals and healthcare managers in hospital settings. The report will focus on a literature review to illustrate the several challenges faced by healthcare managers across large hospitals. A particular study aimed to formally evaluate the healthcare programs to understand the challenges that occur in healthcare settings while improving care quality. The study further tried to identify the ways by which the challenges could be addressed. Lessons from the Health Foundations improvement programmes were integrated with relevant literature. Several reports were read and carefully analysed. NVivo software was used to undertake the analysis. This was followed by conduction of a narrative review of the organizational factors that would likely hinder efforts of improvement. The analysis helped in the identification of 10 key challenges that were related to improvement interventions and professional context. The fundamental challenge identified was failure to convince people that there was a need to address the real problem. While planning and designing interventions, the healthcare managers must carefully target the problems that are more likely to be accepted across the hospit al setting. The study identified other challenges at the planning stage, which included contest of the chosen interventions due to lack of sufficient evidence, poor data collection and lack of adequate monitoring, lack of expertise and inadequate financial support, managerial skills and infrastructure. The findings also provided evidence that lack of work culture, inadequate organizational capacity can create emotional exhaustion create adverse outcomes. Lack of engagement of staff and failure to overcome lack of ownership and low leadership skills were also recognized by the study as one of the biggest challenges (Dixon-Woods, McNicol Martin, 2012). Another study was conducted to identify the roles of pharmacists in pharmacogenomics implementation. The specific resources and responsibilities needed for pharmacy professionals to execute their roles had not yet been defined. The study identified the roles of pharmacy professionals by summarizing the results obtained from a clopidogrel-CYP2C19pilot project. The project involved administration of antiplatelet therapies for patients who had undergone percutaneous coronary intervention and stent placement. More than 1000 patients were genotyped. The results revealed the essential roles of pharmacy professionals. These roles and responsibilities included expertise in developing electronic medical records and clinical decision support system (pharmacy informatics), implementing medication safety, adhering to medication regulations and policies, developing educational strategies and logistically using all drug related information and database management approaches in patient care centres . Pharmacy professionals are also involved in solving ethical issues related to patient care. The results suggested that 14 pharmacists were involved in the program during the first 2 years of study and needed to develop an expertise in pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenomics and informatics to achieve holistic patient care (Owusu?Obeng et al., 2014). The role of healthcare managers in implementation of innovative healthcare was demonstrated by another study. The study results proved that these managers play a key role in implementing healthcare innovation. The gap that existed between practice and effective care evidences was attributed to poor implementation of healthcare innovations. The study suggested that managers are involved in influencing healthcare innovation implementation by actively synthesizing and diffusing information, mediating between daily activities and strategies, and selling the innovations to important stakeholders. It emphasized on the fact that teamwork designs are essential for the functioning of healthcare organizations. It showed that healthcare managers are entitled with the responsibility of overseeing team initiatives. This enhances their potential to influence implementation of innovative techniques (Birken, Lee Weiner, 2012). Another study attempted to evaluate the attitude, knowledge, and proficiency of pharmacy graduates in the practice of evidence based medicine. Pre and post survey studies and skill tests were conducted among the sample with the help of a valid questionnaire with the aim of comprehending the transformation in the knowledge of pharmacy professionals during their transition to a hospital setting. The skills gained by pharmacy undergraduates were assessed and statistically analysed. A series of Problem Based Learning were conducted followed by administration of pre and post-test and the competencies were assessed. On analysis of the data using IBM SPSS v20.0 ANCOVA software, it was found that majority of the students could formulate PICO questions and apply them in the healthcare setting after taking the pharmacy course. One of the major challenges identified was the lack of adequate role models who would promote the culture of evidence based practice on the hospital wards. A change in t he behavior of senior pharmacists on the use of EBP methods was needed to create a significant impact in the minds of junior pharmacy professionals that would in turn improve the quality of patient care in near future. Another challenge that pharmacy professionals face is the lack of exposure to pharmacy informatics. This weakens their approach to searching for drug information. Moreover, they are often unable to handle statistical information in large hospital settings (Abu-Gharbieh et al., 2015). A systematic content analysis was performed to identify the challenges and opportunities in social pharmacy and pharmacy practice. Narrowly focused pharmacy services, lack of consensus, pressure on publishing the research results and reduction in research funding add to the challenges. The study suggested that creating provisions for patient-oriented healthcare services and dispensing medication in a proper manner are some of the key issues that are faced by pharmacy professionals and healthcare managers (Almarsdttir, Kaae Traulsen, 2014). The research challenges faced in context awareness and computation communication for ubiquitious healthcare were investigated by another study. The study stated that specialized instructions and rising costs of hospitalizations created major problems for healthcare manages in real-time hospital settings. The major challenges faced by them as identified by the research are the discovery and provision of computing resources and wireless grid computing. The unpredictability and high mobility of the device acts as a barrier in the interaction between data providers. Reliable transmission and prioritization of vital signs of the patients posed another challenge. Additional interference occurs due to proliferation of electronic devices that are used in the hospitals. Thus, the study provided an overview of the factors that create difficulty for healthcare managers to deliver personalized healthcare solutions in large hospital settings (Viswanathan, Chen Pompili, 2012). Development of a researchable question is one of the major challenging tasks that are encountered while initiating a project. A researchable question can therefore be defined as an uncertainty about a particular problem, which can be examined, challenged, and analyzed with the aim of providing useful information. Thus, a successful research depends upon good formulation of the research question based on the several problems that are faced in research activities (Lang et al., 2012). The main purpose of this literature search was to evaluate the available literature and formulate a research question that would help in future research. The research problem was of some familiarity and a topic of interest. There was a need to channelize the question by focusing on information that was yet to be explored. Once the problem was narrowed down, the existing literature was analysed and seeked and it helped to straighten research approach. The hypothesis carefully created a testimony of how the research was expected to proceed. It acted as one of the most essential tools that assisted in answering the research question. Although, the literature search was time-consuming and exhaustive, some simple steps were adopted that helped in managing the process. The steps used for the methodology are stated below: Formulating the research question A well-focused question was formulated and acted as a critical step for facilitating clinical research. There were several general and patient-oriented questions that arose from clinical issues. However, this study aimed to investigate the potential challenges that are faced by healthcare managers and pharmacy professionals in real-time hospital settings. While formulating a research question, the FINER criteria was considered (F-Feasible, I-Interesting, N-Novel, E-Ethical and R-Relevant). The idea was interesting and relevant to clinical research. It would have helped in adding information to already completed research work (Cook West, 2012). A PICO framework was used to develop the research question. It helped to focus on the exact information that was needed (Cooke, Smith Booth, 2012). The study population, intervention or indicator, comparison or benchmark and the primary outcome of the anticipated results were used for framing the question. In this particular case scenario: Population (P) Intervention (I) Comparison (C) Outcome (O) Graduate pharmacy professionals; healthcare managers; managers in hospitals Healthcare service challenges; Barriers in hospital settings Opportunities in hospital settings Effect of challenges in hospitals; preventing of barriers in healthcare settings The electronic databases used for the literature search were Medline, CINAHL and SCOPUS. The research question was translated into keywords. This increased the chance of retrieving valuable information from the search strategy. Synonyms and alternate terms were considered for eliciting further information, such as, opposition or difficulties in place of challenges, and pharmacists in place of pharmacy professionals. The spellings were also taken into account. A word-stock is used by most databases to establish common keywords or search-terms. Some of the alternative keywords were searched from database thesaurus. Another strategy used to refine the search of relevant literature was the combination of the keywords with Boolean operators. AND and OR are the three Boolean operators that were used. Combining two key terms using AND fetched articles that mentioned both the words, such as, healthcare managers AND opposition. Using OR widened the search and helped to fetch more articles that mentioned either of the terms, such as healthcare managers OR pharmacists AND opposition (Jukna Sergeev, 2013). Filters were also used to refine the search. Articles that were similar to the research topic were found and specific terms were looked for in them to use for the search. Using the abovementioned three databases provided full-text articles and reduced time for manual searching of articles. The most recent issues of journals were first searched. Articles that were peer reviewed and published in English, not prior to 2012 were selected from the databases. Articles that contained only abstracts and had a publishing date before 2012 were excluded from the literature review. A follow-up was done on the references present at the end of each article to examine more related sources. The aut henticity and quality of the selected articles were also checked to determine whether they represented systematic research (Grewal, Kataria Dhawan, 2016). Relevance of the topic The topic selected for this study intersects with management and healthcare. Health care managers are entrusted with the responsibility of overseeing the business aspects such as operations and finances of a health care organization. Their primary responsibility is to ensure that all patients admitted to the hospital or healthcare centre receive high quality care. This can be only achieved by providing all necessary resources and tools that help nurses and physicians to deliver great health care (Sanii et al., 2016).Their duties also require them to ensure that the healthcare organization is operationally and financially sound, the personnel issues are managed well and the community members are taught properly on the different health issues. Thus, they play an essential role in reducing hospitalization costs while maintaining patient satisfaction. Pharmacy professionals are also involved in dispensing medications and monitoring the health and progress of patients by optimizing their response to medication interventions. The patients are educated on proper use of prescriptions and are provided holistic based care in institutional settings (Tripathi et al., 2014). Thus, if these healthcare managers and pharmacists face challenges while carrying out their duties in a hospital setting, the overall health of the patient will deteriorate. There will be a delay in cure of the disease and elimination of symptoms, which in turn will create adverse health outcomes. Thus, the research question for this study is of extreme importance to managing patient health as identification of the key barriers or challenges on performing a literature search would assist healthcare practitioners to work towards improving the flaws, minimizing risks and maintaining overall patient health. Primary sources basically provide information that is closely related to the research topic. However, it was difficult to collect such data from interviews, surveys or questionnaires due to low sample size in the population. Therefore, secondary sources that included academic journals, books, e-journals and websites were used to gather extensive information on the challenges and barriers encountered by pharmacists and healthcare managers. The journals had a greater validity and authenticity than websites. They provided up-to-date information on the specific topic that formed the research question. The authenticity of the information presented in the websites was checked before using them. Findings and Discussion All the findings from the secondary data sources that were used for the research study suggested that pharmacy professionals and healthcare managers are involved in ensuring that a particular healthcare organization will provide direct care to the patients with the aim of improving their outcome (Oishi Murtagh, 2014). Pharmacy graduates often face transition of care that involves continuity and coordination of healthcare when patients are transferred between different settings (Gradel et al., 2016). The findings suggested that such transition in large hospital settings leads to the occurrence of frequent medication errors. These errors can be accounted for the several challenges that are faced by the professionals in the form of inadequate patient education, miscommunication, and missed patient follow-up, lack of access to computerized data entry methods and absence of patient involvement in management of medication (Oshima Lee Emanuel, 2013). Such challenges lead to inconsistent care coordination and contribute to patient admission. Thus, it can be deduced from the findings that keeping the patients central to the focus of care, enhancing inter-professional communication and collaboration and evaluating the outcomes of healthcare manager and pharmacist involvement can counterchallenge the situation (Sassoli Day, 2017). The reasons that contribute to low success rates of the pharmacy professionals and healthcare managers need to be improved in the form of promoting medication therapy management, medical reconciliation, and patient education. Minimum collaboration between the hospitals and the pharmacists and healthcare managers worsen the situation. An improvement in the hospital management will lead to financial justification that would bring more investment in pharmacist resources (Schadewaldt et al., 2014). Healthcare managers and pharmacists should involve patients in the decision-making process and should initiate conversation with them to ascertain their health literacy, attitudes, goals and preferences (Miller et al., 2014). An effective collaboration will also facilitate patient-centred care. Hospital pharmacists and healthcare managers can provide patients with reconciled medication lists that often help in eliminating the challenges faced by them (Burgess Currie, 2013). Furthermore, although they are entitled with the responsibility of identifying, preventing and correcting medication problems, an effective communication with health care providers can only help them in accomplishing their goals (Birken et al., 2016). Thus, all barriers to communication and efficient patient-centred healthcare delivery should be identified at the earliest and worked upon to promote holistic patient growth and wellbeing. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded from the research study that the job of a pharmacist and healthcare manager is undoubtedly difficult and demanding. With the increase in competition among hospital settings and health expenses, the executives are expected to prepare themselves for effectively leading the healthcare centre during a transformational change in the system. They must overcome the key challenges that arise in such settings in order to successfully maintain fiscal responsibility and improve patient care.The pharmacy professionals and managers should put a plan in proper place to address shortage of hospital staff and competition among employees. Enhancing the skills of hiring, recruiting, and retaining qualified healthcare professionals would also help them in meeting the challenges. There is a need to build strong interprofessional relationships with institutes that offer degrees in pharmacy and healthcare administration and the local hospital settings. Additionally, collaborative work to make the hospitals attractive, thinking beyond competitive benefits and pay and will also ensure that all individual employees feel connected to the hospital and exhibit a passion for working towards improvement of the organization. In order to compete for patients, the healthcare managers should be prepared for setting the hospitals apart by formulating specialized care strategy. They must investigate other specialty healthcare services in the region and identify the areas of opportunity. Technology also acts as a major barrier. Electronic medical record systems are now being used to seamlessly share patient information. The pharmacists and healthcare managers must ensure effective implementation of EMRs within the healthcare organization. They need to develop IT skills to make evidence-based decisions while integrating technological information. This will largely abolish the prevalence of the key challenges and will improve organizational and patient outcomes. Thus, it can be concluded that pharmacists and healthcare managers are responsible for ensuring that the hospitals operate efficiently. They also work towards providing quality medical care to their patients. Thus, they should keep up with the advances in technology and medicine to accomplish their goals. References Abu-Gharbieh, E., Al Khalidi, D., Baig, M. R., Khan, S. A. (2015). Refining knowledge, attitude and practice of evidence-based medicine (EBM) among pharmacy students for professional challenges.Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal,23(2), 162-166. Almarsdttir, A. B., Kaae, S., Traulsen, J. M. (2014). Opportunities and challenges in social pharmacy and pharmacy practice research.Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy,10(1), 252-255. Batalden, M., Batalden, P., Margolis, P., Seid, M., Armstrong, G., Opipari-Arrigan, L., Hartung, H. (2015). Coproduction of healthcare service.BMJ Qual Saf, bmjqs-2015. Birken, S. A., DiMartino, L. D., Kirk, M. A., Lee, S. Y. D., McClelland, M., Albert, N. M. (2016). Elaborating on theory with middle managers experience implementing healthcare innovations in practice.Implementation Science,11(1), 2. Birken, S. A., Lee, S. Y. D., Weiner, B. J. (2012). Uncovering middle managers' role in healthcare innovation implementation.Implementation Science,7(1), 28. Burgess, N., Currie, G. (2013). The knowledge brokering role of the hybrid middle level manager: the case of healthcare.British Journal of Management,24(S1). Cook, D. A., West, C. P. (2012). Conducting systematic reviews in medical education: a stepwise approach.Medical education,46(10), 943-952. Cooke, A., Smith, D., Booth, A. (2012). Beyond PICO: the SPIDER tool for qualitative evidence synthesis.Qualitative Health Research,22(10), 1435-1443. Dixon-Woods, M., McNicol, S., Martin, G. (2012). Ten challenges in improving quality in healthcare: lessons from the Health Foundation's programme evaluations and relevant literature.BMJ Qual Saf, bmjqs-2011. Gradel, M., Moder, S., Nicolai, L., Pander, T., Hoppe, B., Pinilla, S., ... Dimitriadis, K. (2016). Simulating the physician as healthcare manager: An innovative course to train for the manager role.GMS journal for medical education,33(3). Grewal, A., Kataria, H., Dhawan, I. (2016). Literature search for research planning and identification of research problem.Indian journal of anaesthesia,60(9), 635. Jukna, S., Sergeev, I. (2013). Complexity of linear Boolean operators.Foundations and Trends in Theoretical Computer Science,9(1), 1-123. Kirkpatrick, I., Bullinger, B., Lega, F., Dent, M. (2013). The translation of hospital management models in European health systems: a framework for comparison.British Journal of Management,24(S1). Lang, D. J., Wiek, A., Bergmann, M., Stauffacher, M., Martens, P., Moll, P., ... Thomas, C. J. (2012). Transdisciplinary research in sustainability science: practice, principles, and challenges.Sustainability science,7(1), 25-43. Lee, S. M., Lee, D., Kang, C. Y. (2012). The impact of high-performance work systems in the health-care industry: employee reactions, service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty.The Service Industries Journal,32(1), 17-36. Miller, T. E., Thacker, J. K., White, W. D., Mantyh, C., Migaly, J., Jin, J., ... Moon, R. E. (2014). Reduced length of hospital stay in colorectal surgery after implementation of an enhanced recovery protocol.Anesthesia Analgesia,118(5), 1052-1061. Oishi, A., Murtagh, F. E. (2014). The challenges of uncertainty and interprofessional collaboration in palliative care for non-cancer patients in the community: a systematic review of views from patients, carers and health-care professionals.Palliative medicine,28(9), 1081-1098. Oshima Lee, E., Emanuel, E. J. (2013). Shared decision making to improve care and reduce costs.New England Journal of Medicine,368(1), 6-8. Owusu?Obeng, A., Weitzel, K. W., Hatton, R. C., Staley, B. J., Ashton, J., Cooper?Dehoff, R. M., Johnson, J. A. (2014). Emerging roles for pharmacists in clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics.Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy,34(10), 1102-1112. Sanii, Y., Torkamandi, H., Gholami, K., Hadavand, N., Javadi, M. (2016). Role of pharmacist counseling in pharmacotherapy quality improvement.Journal of research in pharmacy practice,5(2), 132. Sassoli, M., Day, G. (2017). Understanding pharmacist communication and medication errors: A systematic literature review.Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management,12(1), 47. Schadewaldt, V., McInnes, E., Hiller, J. E., Gardner, A. (2014). Investigating characteristics of collaboration between nurse practitioners and medical practitioners in primary healthcare: a mixed methods multiple case study protocol.Journal of advanced nursing,70(5), 1184-1193. Tripathi, S., Graner, K., Fryer, K., Arteaga, G. (2014). Role of pharmacist in multidisciplinary pediatric intensive care rounds: a retrospective descriptive study.Critical Care,18(1), P3. Viswanathan, H., Chen, B., Pompili, D. (2012). Research challenges in computation, communication, and context awareness for ubiquitous healthcare.IEEE Communications Magazine,50(5). Adams, K. M., Gardiner, L. D., Assefi, N. (2004). Healthcare challenges from the developing world: post-immigration refugee medicine.BMJ: British Medical Journal,328(7455), 1548. Cypher, D., Chevrollier, N., Montavont, N., Golmie, N. (2006). Prevailing over wires in healthcare environments: benefits and challenges.IEEE Communications Magazine,44(4), 56-63. Hassali, M. A., Shafie, A. A., Sa'di Al-Haddad, M., Abduelkarem, A. R., Ibrahim, M. I., Palaian, S., Abrika, O. S. S. (2011). Social pharmacy as a field of study: the needs and challenges in global pharmacy education.Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy,7(4), 415-420. Kheir, N., Fahey, M. (2011). Pharmacy practice in Qatar: challenges and opportunities.Southern med review,4(2), 92. Lenz, R., Reichert, M. (2007). IT support for healthcare processespremises, challenges, perspectives.Data Knowledge Engineering,61(1), 39-58. Oxman, A. D., Sackett, D. L., Guyatt, G. H., Browman, G., Cook, D., Gerstein, H., ... Brill-Edwards, P. (1993). Users' guides to the medical literature: I. How to get started.Jama,270(17), 2093-2095. Parand, A., Dopson, S., Vincent, C. (2013). The role of chief executive officers in a quality improvement initiative: a qualitative study.BMJ open,3(1), e001731. Rau, J. L. (2004). Searching the literature and selecting the right references.Respiratory care,49(10), 1242-1245. Shaw, C. D., Kutryba, B., Braithwaite, J., Bedlicki, M., Warunek, A. (2010). Sustainable healthcare accreditation: messages from Europe in 2009.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,22(5), 341-350. Siska, M. H., Tribble, D. A. (2011). Opportunities and challenges related to technology in supporting optimal pharmacy practice models in hospitals and health systems.American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy,68(12), 1116-1126. Stefl, M. E., Bontempo, C. A. (2008). Common competencies for all healthcare managers: the healthcare leadership alliance model.Journal of healthcare management,53(6), 360. Weiss, M. C., Sutton, J. (2009). The changing nature of prescribing: pharmacists as prescribers and challenges to medical dominance.Sociology of health illness,31(3), 406-421. Weitzel, K. W., Elsey, A. R., Langaee, T. Y., Burkley, B., Nessl, D. R., Obeng, A. O., ... Cooper?DeHoff, R. M. (2014, March). Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation: approaches, successes, and challenges. InAmerican Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics(Vol. 166, No. 1, pp. 56-67).

Contributory Negligence Commentary on Tort

Question: Discuss about the Contributory Negligence for Commentary on Tort. Answer: Introduction One of the tort laws in Australia is the tort of negligence. Negligence takes place when a person, who owed a duty of care to some other person, undertakes or does something, as a result of which, the other person is injured or incurs a loss. An aspect or concept, which is used against negligence, is contributory negligence (Latimer, 2012). In the following parts, the case of Tamara has been analyzed, using these two concepts. Whether or not Tamara can sue Aldi Supermarkets for her losses due to their negligence? As highlighted in the introductory segment, negligence is a tort law, which fixes the liability on a person, for their failure in exercising the reasonable care, which a prudent person, in similar circumstances would undertake, and which results in an injury, loss or harm to the person to whom the duty of care was owed. Negligence takes place when there is a duty of care, this duty of care is breached, this breach results in a loss or injury, the loss is not too remote and there is a direct causation, and the loss is foreseeable. When a case of negligence is established, the aggrieved party can claim for damages in form of monetary compensation (Gibson and Fraser, 2014). The first step in establishing negligence is to establish a duty of care. In Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605, 618, the Court of Appeal gave a threefold test to establish the duty of care for establishing negligence. These included that the harm has to be reasonably foreseeable through the acts or conduct of the defendant; there has to be a relationship of proximity between the parties; and the imposition of liability has to be reasonable, fair and just (Lunney and Oliphant, 2013). In Bolton v. Stone [1951] AC 850, [1951] 1 All ER 1078, the damages were not awarded to the plaintiff, as the court held that the defendant could not be claimed to be negligent due to the lack of reasonable foreseeability of damage, as a result of his conduct (Swarb, 2016). The next step is to establish that the duty of care is to establish that the duty of care was breached (Harvey and Marston, 2009). In Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367, the Council was held in breach of duty of care, and as a result, negligent. Paris, in this case, was employed as a fitter in the garage of the Council. The Council was aware that Paris was blind in one eye and even then they failed to provide him the protective goggles to do his work. While he was working on a rusty bolt, a chip of metal flew and stuck in his good eye, due to which he was blinded completely. As it was the duty of the Council to provide Paris the necessary gear, they had to compensate Paris for his loss arising due to Councils negligence (Martin and Lancer, 2013). The damage has to be the result of such negligence and it has to be significant. If a loss is remote, negligence cannot be established. Only when all these elements are present, a case of negligence can be made (Latimer, 2012). Contributory negligence is the most common defense which is used to decrease the liability arising due to negligence. Under contributory negligence, the person who is injured as a result of negligence of the defendant contributes to the injury. And so, the amount of damages which are awarded to the plaintiff are reduced by the amount of contributory negligence, which is decided upon the discretion of the court (Dongen, 2014). In Hamilton v Duncan [2010] NSWDC 90, the plaintiff failed to maintain a proper lookout for the hole, even when he knew about the hole on which he had tripped. Moreover, he had even warned another person, who later on became the witness, regarding the presence of the hole in the ground, just moments before the accident took place. As a result, the plaintiff was declared as 30% contributory negligence and so, the damages were reduced by 30% (Bannerman, 2015). Application When a person enters any supermarket, it becomes the duty of the supermarket to ensure the safety of its consumers, while in their premises. And so, a duty of care was owed by Aldi supermarkets to Tamara, being their customer. Applying the threefold test given in Caparo Industries plc v Dickman, the loss was foreseeable. This was because any person could fall on a puddle of ice cream and such puddle had to be cleaned. There was proximity between the parties, as Tamara was a customer of Aldi Supermarkets and so, the supermarket owed a duty of are towards their customer. And in case, the supermarket is held liable for negligence, the imposition of liability would be reasonable, fair and just. Further, the case of Bolton v. Stone suggests that foreeseability has to be present, which was clear in this case, as any person could easily fall on wet surface. Failing to clean the surface, resulted in Tamaras injuries, in the same manner as was seen for Paris in Paris v Stepney Borough Council. Since all the necessary elements of negligence were present, it can be deduced that Aldi committed the tort of negligence. The defense which can be used by Aldi is that they had cleaned their supermarket on regular intervals, i.e. in every 40 minutes, for any spillage and hence, it was not their fault. Moreover, Tamara ran as she feared that the last piece of chocolate would be sold out, due to which she fell. She knew the surface was wet, and yet she ran, so she contributed to her injuries. And as was seen in case of Hamilton v Duncan, the amount of damages awarded to her would be reduced. Conclusion On the basis of above analysis, it can be concluded that Tamara can successfully sue Aldi supermarkets for their negligence. Though, the amount of damages which would be awarded to Tamara would be reduced by a percentage amount, due to her contributory negligence. And such percentage would be decided by the court. References Bannerman, D. (2015) Contributory Negligence In "Slip And Fall" Cases - No Control Over The Plaintiff's Own Action Or Inaction?. [Online] Bannermans Lawyers. Available from: https://www.bannermans.com.au/insurance/articles/public-liability/331-contributory-negligence-in-slip-and-fall-cases-no-control-over-the-plaintiff-s-own-action-or-inaction [Accessed on: 26/01/17] Dongen, E.V. (2014) Contributory Negligence: A Historical and Comparative Study. Boston: Brill Nijhoff. Gibson, A., and Fraser, D. (2014) Business Law 2014. 8th ed. Melbourne: Pearson Education Australia. Harvey, B., and Marston, J. (2009) Cases and Commentary on Tort. 6th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Lunney, M., and Oliphant, K. (2013) Tort Law: Text and Materials. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Martin, J., and Lancer, D. (2013) AQA Law for AS Fifth Edition. 5th ed. Oxon: Hachette UK. Swarb. (2016) Bolton v Stone: HL 10 May 1951. [Online] Swarb. Available from: https://swarb.co.uk/bolton-v-stone-hl-10-may-1951/ [Accessed on: 26/01/17]

Rome and Han Ccot free essay sample

Rome and Han China are different in the ways how their slaves were treated. Overall, they were ultimately more similar because of the importance of trade and family. Slaves in Ancient Rome were treated very harshly. They were put in gladiator fights to the death against fellow slaves and occasionally lions for the entertainment of the community, although it was against the law for a citizen to kill another citizen’s slave. Also, 10% of the populations of Rome were slaves, which means if one died, they could be easily replaced. In contrast, only 1% of Han China’s populations were slaves. They were much more valued and thus their owners treated them better. There were two kinds- Privately Owned and State Owned. These slaves could pay for freedom, or be freed by their master or the emperor. It was against the law to kill these slaves at all. Trade in Rome was thought to be beneath the occupation of landholding, although they continue to practice trade throughout Roman history. We will write a custom essay sample on Rome and Han Ccot or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Senate was not allowed to participate in commerce because they were too prestigious to be affiliating with it. Similar to Han China, agriculture was a much better occupation than trade. Merchants, however wealthy, were looked down on because they looked like they could surpass social boundaries because of their riches. In Ancient Rome, loyalty to family and state was highly important. The nobles of Rome were constantly reminded to be aware of their fathers and grandfathers successes. We know this because the term pietas; meaning â€Å"dutifulness†; depicts these values. Also, we know of these the importance of family because typically at a Roman funeral, they would exhibit masks’ of their ancestors and their deeds. This regard to ancestors resembles that of Confucianism, which was highly practiced in Han China. The core of Confucianism was known as â€Å"filial piety†, meaning the respect and obedience that children owed their parents.

The relationship between money supply and inflation

The relationship between money supply and inflation Introduction The current globalisation rate has led to many changes and effects on the value of most resources and especially the financial resources. The world’s population is increasing at a fast rate while on the other hand resources are being depleted without being replenished thus causing scarcity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The relationship between money supply and inflation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, economic crisis have occurred which have as well affected the living standards of a better part of the world’s population (Hardwick, 2002, p.176). Among the common effects are the high inflation and the amount of money supplied. Economists have however established the rate of Inflation and the money supply of a nation are correlated with one leading to another. This paper is therefore an analysis of the relationship between the inflation rate and money supply. Inflation Inflat ion is said to be the increase in the prices of commodities and services in a given economy. This makes the people buy less since their purchasing power goes down as a result of the lower value of the currency. Inflation rates of most countries keep fluctuating but their central banks try to keep the rates at a range of about two to three percent. The consumer price index is what is used to measure the inflation rates of an economy. It has been theoretically argued that inflation is caused by an increase in money supply in the economy (Hall and Taylor, 1997, p.637). Money Supply Money supply is an economic term which refers to the amount of money circulating in an economy. The central bank is bestowed with controlling the money supply of a country through regulation of the circulation (Williams, 2008, p.1). Money supply can be measured by looking at the value of currency, bills, credit, loans as well as other liquid instruments in an economy. The Relationship between money supply an d inflation Economists have suggested that there is a high degree of correlation between the inflation rate and money supply in an economy. To begin with is the fact that when the money supply is high the demand for money goes down.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is because people are able to afford even the high priced commodities and services that they could not have initially afforded (Mishkin, 1995, p.89). It can thus be depicted that an upward supply of money in the economy results to inflation according to the graph shown below. (McMahon, 2009, p.1) A look at the graph at first glance does not show any instances of correlation however after the introduction of a time lag in which the two occur a situation of relationship is then established. This time lag is the difference in time between changes in the money supply and the changes in the inflation rat es. Thus, the relationship occurs after a period of time as it can be depicted on the graph in the years 1990, 1996, 2000 and 2001 among others. This can be practically explained in a situation whereby the people of a given small town are given the opportunity to raise a higher income than they would have before in a month. They would thus shift from using gasoline to gas as their source of fuel which costs higher. This is because in real sense, the gas will cost proportionally lower than the price they were paying for gasoline before the increase in income. As a result, the market will bear high prices for commodities and services leading to inflation which has come about due to increased money supply (Williams, 2008, p.1). The relationship between inflation rates and money supply can be differently explained using different economic theories. The Monetary theory explains that money supply is the most significant factor that leads to incidences of inflation in an economy.Advertisin g We will write a custom essay sample on The relationship between money supply and inflation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Quoting the words of a renowned monetarist by the name Milton Friedman, he said, â€Å"Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon† (Williams, 2008, p.1). Thus according to empirical studies conducted by most historical monetarists, it can be asserted that inflation is a monetary phenomenon. This is in accordance to the equation; MV= PQ Where; M is the nominal value of money (money supply) V is the money velocity P is the price level Q is the real value index (Transactions) From the above equation, monetarists argue that the money velocity is not affected by changes in the money supply in the long-run (Mankiw, 2002, p.153). Therefore the output is highly dependent on the productivity of the economy.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Working with these assumptions it can be said that changes in price are dependent on the changes in the quantity of money in the economy thus the money supply. The chart below derived from the above equation shows the differences in inflation reflected by CPI and the money supply reflected as M2. Fig. A chart showing the relationship between inflation and money supply (Burda and Wyplosz, 1997, p. 267) According to the Keynesian theory, there still exists a relationship between money supply and inflation. However, they argue that money supply is not the only big factor that causes inflation as there are also other contributing factors. The Keynesians emphasize that aggregate demand is the main reason behind inflation and thus regulating the aggregate demands in periods of recessions and economic expansions helps stabilize the inflation rates as well. Nevertheless, the relationship comes about as aggregate demand is effectively controlled using economic instruments such as monetary p olicy and fiscal policy (Burda and Wyplosz, 1997, p. 275) Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that there is indeed a great correlation between money supply and inflation rates of an economy. It is evidenced that changing the money supply through the central banks leads to a control of the inflationary situations in the same economy. For instance, a country with high inflation rates and willing to lower them, they will do this through the operations of the central bank whereby the lending rates and the interest rates will be increased to reduce the amount f money leaving the bank (Baumol and Blinder, 2006, p.109). As a matter of fact, people will rush to deposit the cash they have so that it can earn as much interest as possible. This will in turn reduce the amount of money circulating in the region hence reducing the inflation rates as well. In a situation of deflation the vice versa will be applied where the central bank will reduce the lending rates and inter est rates so as to enable flow of money into the economy (Baumol and Blinder, 2006, p.109). The control between money supply and inflation rates is thus operated using the federal banking system of the central bank of the region. Reference List Baumol, W. and Blinder, A. (2006). Macroeconomics: Principles and Policy, Tenth edition. Thomson South-Western. Burda, M. and Wyplosz, C. (1997). Macroeconomics: a European text. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. Hall, R. and Taylor, J. (1993). Macroeconomics. New York: W.W. Norton. Hardwick, P. (2002). Introduction to modern economics, prentice hall publishers, New York. Mankiw, N. (2002). Macroeconomics (5th Ed.). Worth. McMahon, T. (2009). Money Supply and Inflation. Available from https://inflationdata.com/inflation/Inflation/Money_Supply_and_Inflation.asp . Mishkin, F. (1995). The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, New York, Harper Collins. Williams, J. (2008). Money Supply Special Report. Available from   shadowstats.com/article/money-supply .

IT Journal Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IT Journal Article - Essay Example rms is the use of electronic health record that provides a streamlined communication system between the physicians through use of universal records of the patient. The EHRs make the clinical guidelines available when care is being provided. Reviews on EHRs have shown that there is improved adherence to the set clinical guidelines (Ballard, 2012). The research carried out took place in 2006 in health Texas provider network that was already implementing the EHR system. The data was collected analyzed and conclusions made from the results. From the results, it was clear that implementing EHR had an immense impact on documented care and outcomes on the diabetic patients. The exposure of the system was associated with improvement on optimal care and individual process and outcome measures. However, the results did not show evidence that use of EHR has effects on the most important measure of diabetes care. The study had a limitation of lack of randomization that prevented ruling out effects because of the unobserved differences between groups. Despite the limitations of the research, the assessment on the effect of E H R implementation shows optimal care is significant with the use of EHR (Ballard,